<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"> <div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">This article is about the vehicle used in agriculture or construction. For other specific forms tractors take, see <a title="Tractor unit" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit">Tractor unit</a>. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" title="Tractor (disambiguation)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_(disambiguation)">Tractor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_8N.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ford_8N.jpg/220px-Ford_8N.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ford_8N.jpg/330px-Ford_8N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ford_8N.jpg/440px-Ford_8N.jpg 2x" width="220" height="174" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1964" /></a> <figcaption>The <a title="Ford N-series tractor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_N-series_tractor">Ford N-series tractor</a> helped revolutionize modern mechanized agriculture with its <a title="Harry Ferguson" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ferguson">Ferguson</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Three point hitch" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_point_hitch">three point hitch</a></figcaption> </figure> <p>A <strong>tractor</strong> is an <a class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering vehicle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehicle">engineering vehicle</a> specifically designed to deliver a high <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tractive effort" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractive_effort">tractive effort</a> (or <a title="Torque" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque">torque</a>) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a <a title="Trailer (vehicle)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)">trailer</a> or machinery such as that used in <a title="Agriculture" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a title="Mining" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining">mining</a> or <a title="Construction" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction">construction</a>. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a <a title="Farm" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm">farm</a> vehicle that provides the power and traction to <a title="Mechanization" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanization">mechanize</a> agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) <a title="Tillage" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage">tillage</a>, and now many more. <a title="List of agricultural machinery" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery">Agricultural implements</a> may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XTZ-243K.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/XTZ-243K.jpg/220px-XTZ-243K.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/XTZ-243K.jpg/330px-XTZ-243K.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/XTZ-243K.jpg/440px-XTZ-243K.jpg 2x" width="220" height="147" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <figcaption>A modern Ukrainian tractor <a title="Kharkiv Tractor Plant" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Tractor_Plant">XTZ</a>-243K</figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG"><img class="mw-file-element" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG/220px-Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG/330px-Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG/440px-Hayes_Arbegui_2010.JPG 2x" width="220" height="162" data-file-width="3337" data-file-height="2457" /></a> <figcaption>This <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hayes Truck" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_Truck">Hayes</a> WHDX 70-170 <a class="mw-redirect" title="6×6" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%C3%976">6×6</a> <a title="Ballast tractor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tractor">ballast tractor</a> is also a form of tractor, as are <a title="Artillery tractor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor">artillery tractors</a> and the power units which pull <a class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-truck" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-truck">semi-trucks</a></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png"><img class="mw-file-element" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png/220px-Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png/330px-Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png/440px-Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png 2x" width="220" height="138" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <figcaption>Agricultural tractors per 100 square kilometres of arable land<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></figcaption> </figure> <h2><span id="Etymology" class="mw-headline">Etymology</span></h2> <p>The word <em>tractor</em> was taken from <a title="Latin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin">Latin</a>, being the <a title="Agent (grammar)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)">agent noun</a> of <em>trahere</em> "to pull".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or plows" occurred in 1896, from the earlier term "<a title="Traction engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine">traction</a> motor" (1859).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p> <h3><span id="National_variations" class="mw-headline">National variations</span></h3> <p>In the <a title="United Kingdom" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">UK</a>, <a title="Republic of Ireland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a title="Australia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>, <a title="India" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a>, <a title="Spain" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>, <a title="Argentina" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a title="Slovenia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a title="Serbia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a title="Croatia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a title="Netherlands" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a title="Germany" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a>, the word "tractor" usually means "farm tractor", and the use of the word "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade, but unfamiliar to much of the general public. In <a title="Canada" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</a> and the <a title="United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">US</a>, the word may also refer to the <a title="Tractor unit" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit">road tractor</a> portion of a <a title="Semi-trailer truck" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck">tractor trailer</a> <a title="Truck" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck">truck</a>, but also usually refers to the piece of farm equipment.</p> <h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <h3><span id="Traction_engines" class="mw-headline">Traction engines</span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG"><img class="mw-file-element" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG/220px-Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG/330px-Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG/440px-Harrison_Machine_Works_1882_tractor.JPG 2x" width="220" height="165" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <figcaption>1882 Harrison Machine Works steam-powered <a title="Traction engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine">traction engine</a></figcaption> </figure> <p>The first powered farm implements in the early 19th century were <a title="Portable engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine">portable engines</a> – steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. <a title="Richard Trevithick" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> designed the first 'semi-portable' <a title="Stationary steam engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine">stationary steam engine</a> for agricultural use, known as a "barn engine" in 1812, and it was used to drive a corn threshing machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-Hodge-5">[5]</a></sup> The truly portable engine was invented in 1893 by <a class="new" title="William Tuxford (page does not exist)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Tuxford&action=edit&redlink=1">William Tuxford</a> of <a title="Boston, Lincolnshire" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire">Boston, Lincolnshire</a> who started manufacture of an engine built around a locomotive-style boiler with horizontal smoke tubes. A large <a title="Flywheel" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel">flywheel</a> was mounted on the crankshaft, and a stout leather belt was used to transfer the drive to the equipment being driven. In the 1850s, <a title="John Fowler (agricultural engineer)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fowler_(agricultural_engineer)">John Fowler</a> used a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine to drive apparatus in the first public demonstrations of the application of cable haulage to cultivation.</p> <p>In parallel with the early portable engine development, many engineers attempted to make them self-propelled – the fore-runners of the <a title="Traction engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine">traction engine</a>. In most cases this was achieved by fitting a sprocket on the end of the crankshaft, and running a chain from this to a larger sprocket on the rear axle. These experiments met with mixed success.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-Lane2-6">[6]</a></sup> The first proper <a title="Traction engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine">traction engine</a>, in the form recognisable today, was developed in 1859 when British engineer <a title="Aveling and Porter" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveling_and_Porter">Thomas Aveling</a> modified a <a title="Clayton & Shuttleworth" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_%26_Shuttleworth">Clayton & Shuttleworth</a> <a title="Portable engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine">portable engine</a>, which had to be hauled from job to job by horses, into a self-propelled one. The alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p> <p>The first half of the 1860s was a period of great experimentation but by the end of the decade the standard form of the traction engine had evolved and changed little over the next sixty years. It was widely adopted for agricultural use. The first tractors were steam-powered <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_engine">plowing engines</a>. They were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow back and forth between them using a wire cable. In Britain <a title="Mann's Patent Steam Cart and Wagon Company" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%27s_Patent_Steam_Cart_and_Wagon_Company">Mann's</a> and <a title="Richard Garrett & Sons" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garrett_%26_Sons">Garrett</a> developed <a title="Steam tractor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractor">steam tractors</a> for direct ploughing, but the heavy, wet soil of England meant that these designs were less economical than a team of horses. In the <a title="United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>, where soil conditions permitted, steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows. Steam-powered <a class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural engine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engine">agricultural engines</a> remained in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p> </div> </div>
Tractor
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